Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate.

Step 1

The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is hexokinase.

Step 2

The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase.

 Step 3

Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Step 4

Aldolase splits the hexose ring of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate into two triose sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a ketone, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, an aldehyde.

Step 5

Triosephosphate isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP)

Step 6

Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Step 7

Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP for form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

Step 8

Phosphoglycerate mutase changes 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate.

Step 9

Enolase with magnesium as a cofactor changes 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate

Step 10

Pyruvate kinase with magnesium as a cofactor changes phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate.

END

Oxidative decarboxylation isn't part of glycolysis, but it is the route most organisms take to enter the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate into acetyl coA.